Kognitif kelimesi temelde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce prosesini ihtiva etmektedir. Davran\u0131\u015f terapilerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda her \u015fey yal\u0131n etki tepki prensibine g\u00f6re \u015fekillendirilirken, insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi bir nevi ihmal edilmi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7ekte ise insan\u0131n eylemlerinin i\u00e7eri\u011fine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik yap\u0131lanmalar g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Etkilere kar\u015f\u0131 verilen tepkilerde insanlar\u0131n ruh d\u00fcnyalar\u0131ndaki duygulan\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Alg\u0131lar\u0131, beklentileri, ge\u00e7mi\u015f ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131, hat\u0131ralar\u0131, \u00e7evresel yarg\u0131lamalar velhas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi olu\u015fturan t\u00fcm i\u00e7 d\u00fcnya tepkinin \u015fekillenmesinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.
\n\u0130\u015fte etki ile tepki aras\u0131nda i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda \u015fekillenen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce zincirinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etme ve sonucu etkileme kognitif psikoterapinin temelini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Davran\u0131\u015f terapilerine g\u00f6re biraz daha insan modeline yakla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, insan\u0131 basit bir makine olmaktan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce zincirindeki t\u00fcm halkalar \u00e7e\u015fitli boyutlar\u0131 ile incelenebilir ve tepkiyi olu\u015fturan t\u00fcm fakt\u00f6rler incelenerek ortaya serilebilir.<\/p>\n
Konuyu bilimsel olarak ilk inceleyen bilim adam\u0131 Beck ve ekibidir. Duygular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n tepkilerimizi ne derece etkiledi\u011fini ortaya koymak bu kuramla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Kognitif psikoterapiler, analitik psikoterapiler gibi bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcrt\u00fcleri, r\u00fcyalar\u0131 veya birtak\u0131m anlaml\u0131 motor davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 (tikler, dil s\u00fcr\u00e7meleri v.b.) ele almazlar ve yakla\u015f\u0131m tarzlar\u0131nda bir nevi bunlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015flarlar. Bu anlamda da analitik psikoterapilerden ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
Kognitif psikoterapilerde, kognisyonlar; \u201cD\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyadan gelen uyaranlar\u0131 alg\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren, bunlar\u0131 belirli bir d\u00fczen ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde i\u015fleyen, de\u011ferlendiren (bir anlamda onlar\u0131 anlamland\u0131ran), depolayan, yeniden belle\u011fe \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131p hat\u0131rlayan ve yeniden de\u011ferlendiren ruhsal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerdir.<\/p>\n
Bu tan\u0131mdan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi kognisyon bir \u00fcst kavramd\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fini dolduran s\u00fcre\u00e7ler de, k\u0131saca \u00f6zetlenirse, uyaranlar\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi, yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve de\u011ferlendirilmesidir. S\u00f6z konusu zihinsel i\u015flemlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in i\u015fe kar\u0131\u015fan ruhsal s\u00fcre\u00e7ler \u015funlard\u0131r:Alg\u0131lama, hat\u0131rlama, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, dil, tutumlar (attitude), de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131, beklentiler (antisipasyonlar) ve problem \u00e7\u00f6zme stratejileri.\u201d(G\u00fcle\u00e7, s:85, 1993)<\/p>\n
Kognitif psikoterapi y\u00f6ntemini zaman zaman psikoterapi uygulamalar\u0131m\u0131zda kullanmaktay\u0131z. Analitik bir incelemeye gerek duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z veya temelde bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 analitik bir gerek\u00e7e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011fimiz vakalarda kognitif psikoterapiyi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullanmaktay\u0131z. \u00d6zellikle \u00e7arp\u0131k alg\u0131lamaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131 ve hatal\u0131 savunma mekanizmalar\u0131 geli\u015ftiren hastalar\u0131m\u0131zda psikodrama y\u00f6ntemi ile ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar almaktay\u0131z. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerin \u00e7ok zalim oldu\u011fu, di\u015flileri aras\u0131nda ta\u015fradan gelen insanlar\u0131 her zaman yok edip yuttu\u011fu, herkesin zalim, \u00fc\u00e7ka\u011f\u0131t\u00e7\u0131 ve doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu, kimseye g\u00fcvenilmemesi gerekti\u011fi \u015feklinde y\u0131llarca \u015fartland\u0131rmaya tabi tutulan gen\u00e7 veya ki\u015fi g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirde ya\u015famak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ne yapacakt\u0131r? Bu ki\u015finin egosu iyi geli\u015fmi\u015f ve olu\u015fan \u015fartlara adaptasyon yetene\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ise bir tak\u0131m zorluklar\u0131 daha rahat atlatacakt\u0131r. \u015eayet egosu zay\u0131f veya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir ki\u015filik sergiliyor veya \u015fizoid bir yap\u0131s\u0131 varsa i\u015fler tamamen sarpa saracakt\u0131r. Ki\u015fi yo\u011fun bir anksiyete i\u00e7erisine girecek, \u00e7evre ile iyi ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7erisine giremeyecek, \u00e7evresindekilerin deste\u011fini alamayacak ve bu g\u00fcvensizlik duygular\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde hastal\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u00e7ok savunma d\u00fczene\u011fi geli\u015ftirebilecektir. Sonu\u00e7ta belki de a\u011f\u0131r bir depresyona girerek kendini korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fah\u0131s yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi ortamda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerin veya metropollerin f\u0131rsatlar \u00fclkesini insana sundu\u011funu, bu f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendiren bireylerin \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu, insana yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan \u00e7e\u015fitli kurum ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131n oldu\u011funu aileden veya \u00e7evreden \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f ve buna \u015fartlanm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik olumlu savunma d\u00fczenekleri geli\u015ftirebilecekti. Bu ki\u015finin hayat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00e7evreden beklentileri, olaylara kar\u015f\u0131 tepkisi, ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri de bu \u015fartlanmaya g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fecekti.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rne\u011fimizde de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi insan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri \u00e7evreyi alg\u0131lamada ve tepkisel eylemler geli\u015ftirmede \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Bu tip vakalarda kognitif terapilerin yapaca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok \u015fey vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hekim bu tip vakalar\u0131 detayl\u0131 irdeleyerek hatal\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ve yanl\u0131\u015f \u015fartland\u0131rman\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 bulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Buldu\u011fu bu kaynaklardan yola \u00e7\u0131karak bir tedavi yeniden \u015fartland\u0131rma daha do\u011frusu ger\u00e7e\u011fi tekrardan g\u00f6sterme ve \u00f6\u011fretme y\u00f6ntemini uygulamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu tip problemi olan bireylerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede meydana gelen hatal\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretimleri hipnotik transta \u00e7\u00f6zmek ve alternatif \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerilerini yine hipnotik transta \u00f6\u011fretmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimde direk, indirek telkinler kullan\u0131labildi\u011fi gibi psikodrama uygulamalar\u0131 ile beklenen davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131 ki\u015fiye \u00f6\u011fretilebilir. Bu \u00f6\u011fretimin normal kognitif psikoterapiden fark\u0131, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda olas\u0131 gelecek olaylar\u0131 psikodrama vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile denemek, ki\u015finin bunlara verdi\u011fi motor ve emosyonel cevab\u0131 o anda alabilmektir. Al\u0131nan bu cevaplar sayesinde ki\u015finin \u00f6\u011frenmedeki ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tedavideki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 objektif olarak o anda de\u011ferlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Kognitif Psikoterapinin kurucusu Beck\u2019e g\u00f6re depresyonda s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen kognitif \u00e7arp\u0131tmalarla ilgili belli ba\u015fl\u0131 konular\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde incelemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n
1. Kendine sayg\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131,
\n2. Kay\u0131p duygusu,
\n3. Mahrum olma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi
\n4. Kendini ele\u015ftirme,
\n5. Kendini yerme ve su\u00e7lama,
\n6. Kendini uyarma ve kendine h\u00fckmetme,
\n7. \u0130ntihar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri. (G\u00fcle\u00e7, s:90, 1993)<\/p>\n
Beck\u2019e g\u00f6re etki-tepki zinciri aras\u0131nda olu\u015fan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedeki otomatik kognitif kal\u0131plarda \u015funlard\u0131r :<\/p>\n
1.Keyfi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m (arbitrary inference)
\n2. Se\u00e7ici soyutlama (selective abstraction)
\n3. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 genelleme (over-generalization)
\n4. Abartma ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme (magnification-minimization)<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kognitif kelimesi temelde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce prosesini ihtiva etmektedir. Davran\u0131\u015f terapilerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda her \u015fey yal\u0131n etki tepki prensibine g\u00f6re \u015fekillendirilirken, insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi bir nevi ihmal edilmi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7ekte ise insan\u0131n eylemlerinin i\u00e7eri\u011fine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik yap\u0131lanmalar g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Etkilere kar\u015f\u0131 verilen tepkilerde insanlar\u0131n ruh d\u00fcnyalar\u0131ndaki duygulan\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Alg\u0131lar\u0131, beklentileri, ge\u00e7mi\u015f ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131, hat\u0131ralar\u0131, \u00e7evresel yarg\u0131lamalar velhas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi olu\u015fturan t\u00fcm […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1328,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[99],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aile-terapi-destegi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1327","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1327"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1327\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1329,"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1327\/revisions\/1329"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1328"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1327"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1327"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mehmetkaratas.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1327"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}